Breeds in Arctic tundra regions of North America, Europe, and Asia, near coastal ponds and lakes. Winters widely on coastal marine waters and large inland lakes across temperate North America, Europe, and Asia.

Look for them on large, open water bodies, particularly coastal areas. Males are distinctive with their extremely long tail feathers and complex white, black, and brown patterns that vary seasonally. Females and immatures are smaller, lack the long tail, but show a distinctive dark cheek patch on a white face. Listen for their melodic, yodeling call, 'ow-OW-ow-OW-dle'.

Best observed during winter on large coastal bays and offshore waters, or during spring and autumn migration.