This species prefers open, wet habitats such as damp meadows, marshes, bogs, floodplains, and the edges of lakes and slow-moving rivers. It can be found in a broad band across central and eastern Palearctic during breeding season, extending west into parts of Europe, and wintering predominantly in South and Southeast Asia.

Look for its constant, rhythmic tail-wagging while it forages on the ground or low vegetation. Males are unmistakable with their bright yellow head, underparts, and grey/black back. Females and immatures are duller but still show yellow tones. Its call is a clear, sharp 'pslit' or 'tswee', and the song is a simple, pleasant twittering. They often dart quickly to catch insects.

The Citrine Wagtail is most active during daylight hours, particularly in the morning and late afternoon. During the breeding season (late spring to mid-summer), males are very conspicuous as they sing from prominent perches. They are readily observed during spring and autumn migration periods as they move between their breeding and wintering grounds.