Found across the Holarctic region, including North America, Europe, and Asia. Both species breed in Arctic and sub-Arctic tundras and winter in more temperate regions on large wetlands, lakes, and coastal areas.

Focus on bill patterns: Tundra Swans generally have more black on the bill with a smaller yellow patch (or no yellow in the American subspecies), while Whooper Swans have a larger, more triangular yellow patch. Vocalizations also differ: Tundra Swans often have a higher-pitched, more 'whistling' call compared to the deeper 'whooping' call of the Whooper Swan.

Best observed during their extensive migrations in spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November), and throughout the winter in their respective wintering grounds.